- Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students

Editorial Reviews
Review
Practical Phonetics and Phonology gathers together a far wider range of topics than other books on English phonetics. Many more accents of English are discussed, and we really learn about English as a world language. Experienced teachers of English and beginning students will all profit from this book.
–Peter Ladefoged, University of California Los Angeles

[This book] genuinely delivers what many introductions only promise: enviably clear explanations of phonetic and phonological frameworks, wide-ranging accounts of segmental and suprasegmental features and, most importantly, reasons why speech variation matters. The emphasis on the practicalities and applications of studying speech makes this book an essential resource for both newcomers to the subject and established disciples.
–Joan Rahilly, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland

An excellent and original book, written in a clear and accessible style and containing much well-informed discussion of varieties of English.
–Philip Carr, Université Paul Valéry, France

The general impression upon reading the book from cover to cover is that it truly gives what many introductions only promise.
–Biljana Cubrovic, University of Belgrade, The European English Messenger, Fall 2004



Product Description
Routledge English Language Introductions cover core areas of language study and are one-stop resources for students.
Assuming no prior knowledge, books in the series offer an accessible overview of the subject, with activities, study questions, sample analyses, commentaries and key readings - all in the same volume. The innovative and flexible 'two-way' structure is built around four sections - introduction, development, exploration and extension - which offer self-contained stages for study. Each topic can also be read across these sections, enabling the reader to build gradually on the knowledge gained.

Practical Phonetics and Phonology:
*is a wide-ranging introduction to practical aspects of English phonetics and phonology
*covers step by step the core concepts: production of speech, classification of vowels and consonants, phoneme, syllable structure, features of connected speech, stress and intonation
*includes discussion of regional and social accent variation, language change in progress, application of phonetics to language teaching and learning
*provides classic readings by the key names in the discipline: Ladefoged, Abercrombie, Fry, Crystal, Pinker and Daniel Jones
*is backed up by an accompanying free audio CD with samples of genuine speakers of 20 accent varieties from Britain, Ireland, the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Singapore, West Africa.

- SPEAK E-Z CHINESE In Phonetic English

I have bought a few books and an audio course in order to learn some Chinese for fun and also because I wanted to communicate better while visiting China. If I had my pick of just one resource, this awesome, efficient little reference would be it. The best part about it is the pronunciation key for us Westerners to pronounce pinyin, it helps enormously. The book starts with the pronunciation guide and the four tones, then moves on to the essential phrases in every contexts, such as transportation, currency, time and calendar, and restaurants. It teaches both words and short phrases and sentences that introduce you to sentence construction. At the end there's a 130-page dictionary that is surprisingly complete, and includes a pronunciation key for every word. Most of the times I want to know how to say something out of the blue, it's there.

As an added bonus, there's a *lot* of interesting things here that you are unlikely to learn from any other source. I am not sure why they are there but there they are, some are pretty funny. If you want to tell someone she's cute or sexy or that you love her, if you want to curse, call somebody an idiot or crazy or odd, how to call BS, how to say Chicago or California or Spain, how to say general or female/male body parts, how to say football or basketball, how to say honey (both as the sweet liquid and as a term of endearment), how to say "I'm stuffed", how to say so-so, and a bunch of other things, look no further: it's all here.

You can also download an audio version of the book for free from their website, I have not tried it yet but I definitely will. I took this book everywhere I went to in China. Highly recommended.

- English Phonetics and Phonology

Editorial Reviews
Product Description
Recognised as the most practical and comprehensive text in the field of phonetics, this third edition of English Phonetics and Phonology includes revised transcriptions, a wider discussion of different varieties of English and an updated treatment of intonation.

Book Description
English Phonetics and Phonology bridges the gap between pronunciation handbooks and technical phonetics and phonology textbooks.

- English Phonetics and Phonology: A Practical Course

Book Description
English Phonetics and Phonology bridges the gap between pronunciation handbooks and technical phonetics and phonology textbooks.

All in all, this is a good book. The explanations are clear and the chapters are short; it's a good introduction to phonetics and phonology. People who are interested in American-English pronunciation should be warned that the book is based on British-English--what the author calls "BBC pronunciation" or "received pronunciation". The phoneme set is somewhat different than that of American-English. Still a worthwhile read.

- English Phonetics and Phonology: An Introduction

Description
This volume is perfect for introductory level students of English phonetics and phonology. Presupposing no previous knowledge of either phonetics or phonology, it presents the subject with a minimum of technical terminology.

Editorial Reviews
Review
"Philip Carr's book provides an approachable overview of English sound structure, from consonant to and vowel articulation through phonemes, syllable structure and word stress to rhythm, connected speech and intonation. The excellent range of exercises will allow students to make steady progress from segment to sentence, while a final chapter and appendix provide a well-illustrated survey of accent variation." April McMahon, Times Higher Education Supplement

Over Here: The First World War and American Society (Paperback)

This is a fine work by the author of the Pulitzer winning "Freedom from Fear". In this book, Prof. Kennedy provides a thematic overview of the American experience in WWI. This is not a narrative history but an analysis of several important aspects of that experience. Topics include the effect of entry into the war and the war experience on the Progressive Movement; the impact of the war on the American economy, the American Labor movement, and the Federal Government; the experience of organizing the large army; the efforts to plan for a postwar world; and the ultimate failure of Wilson's efforts to make the US the leader of benign international order. Kennedy shows very well how the debate over war entry and splintered the Progressive movement. The suppression of dissent during and after the war dealt a serious blow to reformers and the liberal-left movement that had been the prewar engine of reform. Government efforts during the war were characterized by efforts to persuade business rather than developing a centralized economy, though central planning and coercion would probably have been necessary if the war had continued. There is a particularly good chapter on American efforts to use the war to establish American preeminence in international trade, followed by American withdrawal from that role. One defect of the book is that the thematic organization of the chapters leaves some important points unconnected. For example, in an early chapter Kennedy argues cogently that the turn to the right that accompanied the war, encouraged by his administration, would rob him ultimately of important allies for supporting his internationalism in the postwar period. At the end of the book, he makes similar points about Wilson's conduct towards European Liberal-Left movements but these two complementary points are never connected explicitly. Kennedy is an excellent writer and this book contains a great deal of first rate analysis. Recommended strongly.

Transforming Mission: Paradigm Shifts in Theology of Mission (American Society of Missiology Series, No. 16) (Paperback)

Transforming Mission is a scholarly, in-depth study of major missionary paradigms from the first century until the present. Bosch's point of departure is that the Christian faith is "intrinsically missionary." He distinguishes between the missio Dei - God's own involvement in the world, and Missions - the church's missionary activity. He believes that to carry out God's mission the church can neither focus its activity exclusively on saving souls nor on this-worldly human progress -it must do both.
He first surveys the New Testament model of mission, claiming that the advent of Jesus of Nazareth marked a significant change in the concept of mission as understood in the Old Testament. Jesus' ministry was characterized by inclusiveness and breaking down barriers between people. His goal was directed toward all Israel rather than only the remnant of the faithful. Bosch makes the point that one of the most well-known missionary texts, the Great Commission, cannot be divorced from the rest of Matthew's gospel. He believes that Matthew envisions a mission to both Jews and Gentiles and that this mission is characterized by discipleship and a call to challenge social injustice. Luke's understanding of mission highlights repentance and forgiveness of sins as well as economic justice and peace-making. Paul's understanding of mission focuses on the church as an eschatalogical community which is works for the improvement of society while awaiting the ultimate renewal of all things with the parousia.
In the second part of his analysis Bosch draws upon the work of Hans Kung and Thomas Kuhn. Kung identified six periods within the entire scope of Christian history during which a particular paradigm was prevalent: 1) The apocalyptic paradigm of primitive Christianity, 2) The Hellenistic paradigm of the patristic period, 3) The medieval Roman Catholic paradigm, 4) The Protestant Reformation paradigm, 5) The modern Enlightenment paradigm, and 6) The emerging ecumenical paradigm. Bosch makes a theological application of Thomas Kuhn's theory of scientific paradigm shifts, claiming that the six historical periods in the history of the church were each characterized by a particular theological paradigm. He points out that theological paradigms, unlike their scientific counterparts, do not make a complete break with old ideas. Sometimes elements from older paradigms are incorporated into new ones. Old and new paradigms can often exist simultateously among different groups of believers. Occasionally an old paradigm is

Social Work, Social Welfare and American Society (7th Edition) (Hardcover)

As an undergraduate social work student, I dreaded my policy class. I thought it would be so dry. However, I found myself getting caught up in the narrative of this book. It provides so much information that really ought to be taught in history classes. The development of America as a nation, the political forces that shaped it, and the legitimacy of other political points of view make so much more sense to me now.

- Learning a New Land: Immigrant Students in American Society (Hardcover)

Suarez-Orozco et. al set out with a distinct goal for the Longitudinal Immigration Student Adaptation study, and they met this goal through a robust, mixed-methodologies study of recently arrived immigrant students in the United States. The mix of ethnographic, psychological, and educational metrics used are artfully described in the introduction, contextualizing the resultant data in meaningful ways. The outward purpose of Longitudinal Immigrant Student Adaptation Study, and by extension Learning in a New Land, is to "gain a more complete understanding of the experience of immigration," (p.6). More specifically, the book seeks to illuminate the academic progress of recently arrived immigrant children over five years. The authors successfully achieve this, reporting the statistically significant and case study-based findings for how elements of immigrant children's lives interact to affect academic achievement.
Overall, the book does an excellent job in presenting the results of a large-scale study in a relevant, nuanced form that is easily read by educational professionals of varying orientations. The policy implications are clearly advocated. However, the book's treatment of micro-issues, such as how educators can mitigate the effects gender has on educational achievement, lacks concrete suggestions. The field can pick up where the authors left off by discussing such issues that were raised in the research.

Drugs in American Society (Paperback)

Unlike most books on drugs and drug usage that bogs you down with facts and statiscal data. Goode shows the reader practical examples from the lives of drug users. Goode also let you know that this could happen to you. Most of the drug users were college educated, busdrivers and businessmen. Certainly not what most of us think of when we think of addict. Goode dispels the images we have of addicts and replace it with the truth. This is something that can happen to anyone regardless of success, status or your social backgound be it in the suburbs or living in the city with good parents. Goode also makes you aware that addiction can stem from an addicted personality or a void in your soul that need to be filled as result of lost of self or grief over a love one. While still informing the reader that not all drug use is bad. Some people's use of drugs is cultural. Thus stripping you of all judgements prior to reading this book.

Society: The Basics

This text book is pretty easy to read and understand with today's news incorporated in it. It's great to use in a college course. I found this book to be very interesting and learned quite a bit from it. I bought it last semester for a sociology course I took. Because my professor was also the dean of that department - it amplified the learning experience I got out of the book. Each chapter also starts out with a little snippet of a story that relates to the theme of the chapter. I very much enjoyed the course and the learning experience gained out of the book.

The Mysterious Benedict Society

I just loved this book. From start to finish it was flat out great. The characters were all interesting and deep (as opposed to superficial cliches), and the plot had some clever twists and neat puzzles. It was fun solving those puzzles along with the characters, too. So if you're looking for a fun read that's not about magic and dragons (as way too many kids books today are), I highly recommend The Mysterious Benedict Society! I can't wait for the sequel.

- Errors Analysis: - THEORETICAL APPROACH AND FRAMEWORK

This is the theoretical approach and framework of the language research entitiled AN ANALYSIS OF GRAMMATICAL ERRORS IN BILINGUAL TRANSLATION MADE BY THE FOURTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT OF AHMAD DAHLAN UNIVERSITY IN 2006-2007 ACADEMIC YEAR:

To provide the underlying theories on the study, this chapter presents the theoretical background, which consists of theoretical approach and framework. The discussion is divided into eight sections, namely: theoretical approach, bilingualism, translation, meaning, errors, grammar, some differences between Indonesian and English, and grammatical errors in bilingual translation.

A. Theoretical Approach
Grammar refers to the structure of language, and each language can be said to have its own distinct grammar. The subfields of contemporary grammar are phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. In this research, grammar has close relationship with the syntactic analysis. In accordance with the explanation above, it needs further to be explained about the use of syntactic analysis dealing with grammar.
The word syntactic comes from the word syntax (“Syntax”, 2006: par.1) that means the grammatical arrangement of words in sentences. Meanwhile, Webster (2000:1453) states that syntax is the arrangement of and relationships among words, phrases, and clauses forming sentences.
Yerkes (1989:1443) says that syntax is the study of the rules to form or to make grammatical sentence in a language or the study of pattern of sentences and phrase formation from words. Hornby (1995:1212) defines syntax as the rules of grammar for the arrangement of words into phrases and of phrases into sentences.
According to House and Harman (1950:2001), syntactic analysis is a process of splitting up a sentence into its grammatical elements which is also followed by identifying or classifying those elements grammatically in both form and function.
The purpose of syntactic analysis is to determine the structure of the input text. This structure consists of a hierarchy of phrases, the smallest of which are the basic symbols and the largest of which is the sentence.
In relation with the explanation above, this study tells about the use of syntactic analysis related with grammar in the error analysis, so it is suitable for this study to apply the syntactic approach as its theoretical approach.

B. Bilingualism
1. Definition of Bilingual
Haugen says that someone can be said as bilingual if he or she knows two languages. Mackey states that bilingual is a person who speaks two languages by turns (in Pranowo, 1996:8). According to Hornby (1995:106), bilingual is a person who is able to speak two languages equally well. Then, in Columbia Encyclopedia (“Bilingualism”, 2004: par.1), some bilinguals are persons who have ability to use two languages.
In studying English as the second language, bilinguals sometimes exhibit language transfer, code-switching, code-mixing, or interference from one language to the other in the phonological, grammatical, lexical, and semantic system.
2. Classifications of Bilingualism
Weinreich (in Pranowo, 1996:10) states that there are three types of bilingualism, namely:
a. Compound Bilingualism
For compound bilinguals, words and phrases in different languages are the same concepts. That means, ‘buku’ and ‘book’ are two words for the same concept for an Indonesian-English speaker of this type. Bilingual speakers have a single concept of meaning that is related to the two different words.
b. Coordinate Bilingualism
For coordinate bilinguals, words and phrases in the speaker's mind are all related to their own unique concepts. It means a bilingual speaker of this type has different associations for ‘buku’ and for 'book'. In these individuals, one language, usually the first language (L1) is more dominant than the other, and the L1 may be used to think through the second language (L2). These speakers are known to use very different intonation and pronunciation features, and sometimes assert the feeling of having different personalities attached to each of their languages.
c. Sub-ordinate Bilingualism
Sub-ordinate bilingual is typical of beginning second language learners. The concept leads, not to the L2 word directly, but to L2 word via the L1 word (in Wikipedia, “Bilingualism”, 2007: par.4).
According to Arsenan (ibid: 11), bilingualism is distinguished into two. Those are:
(a) Productive / Active / Symmetrical Bilingualism, which is the use of two languages in all aspects of language skill.
(b) Receptive / Passive / Asymmetrical Bilingualism, which is the use of two languages limited only in reading skill.

Linguistic Studies: THEORETICAL APPROACH AND FRAMEWORK

In language research theoretical approach and framework are important. This is the example of Theoretical approach and framework off language research on Pragmatic study:

THEORETICAL APPROACH AND FRAMEWORK

In this chapter, the researcher wants to describe theoretical approach and theoretical framework. In theoretical approach the writer will talk about the approach that is used in this research, namely pragmatic approach. Theoretical frame work contains theories that can support the research.
According to Ritzer (1993:31), theoretical framework is a base in strengthening the discussion which the writer explains. The writer explains the definition of theory which is a set of ideas useful in explaining a broad range of phenomena. Theories typically have a set of key or central term, which often serve as the basic framework of the theory. In theoretical framework the writer will talk about a drama that is used in this research, politeness, and of course talk about face-threatening acts.

A. Theoretical Approach
According to Wilson (1948), language is just a system of symbols which people have created for the elaboration of that new space-time world of mind to which he was called by the “world-spirit” when the world emerged from the preconscious to the conscious cycle of the self-development.
Actually, people use language to make communication in their daily lives. When people want to speak to another, it means that she/he wants to communicate something to the hearer and the hearer should not only recognize the meaning of the utterance but also the intention of the speaker. In order to understand the meaning of the speaker, the hearer should relate the utterance with the context following the production of the utterance since utterances cannot be separated from their context. And the branch of linguistics that studies language and its context is called pragmatics.
Pragmatics is the study of the use of language in communication. It means that any relationship between the sentences and the context ad the situation which the conversation happen. According to Mey (1993: 4-5), the term of pragmatics is used only because people cannot explain it using the ‘normal’ explanation of linguistics (here the semantics of language). Whenever people cannot explain a phenomenon in language using regular, accepted linguistic theories, then people must have resource to something else, something that is supposedly as undefined as it is tangible, namely pragmatics.
As has been indicated above, the pragmatic function of language is to make an effective use of language in communication. There is an activity of the participants to intend the message and to interpret the message. From pragmatics point of view, to intend at to interpret the messages are the problem for the speakers and the hearers to solve. Functionally, language has various purposes such as greeting, criticizing, complaining, commanding, and joking. These purposes are the ways that participants express the idea, feelings, and thoughts. These must certainly consist of meaning, which can be implied. Pragmatics is one of the studies to explore it.
In analyzing Face-Threatening Acts used in Macbeth, the researcher uses the pragmatic approach because it studies the language in relation to the society and happening events about social life at the time when the work was made. Leech (1996: 6) states that pragmatics is the study of meaning in relation to speech situation. Furthermore, Levinson (1983:5-9) states that the definitions of pragmatics are 1) Pragmatics is the study of the principles that will account or why a certain set of sentences is anomalous, or not possible utterances, 2) Pragmatics is the study of those relations between the language and the context that are grammaticalized or encoded in the structure of language, 3) Pragmatics is the study of all those aspects of meaning not captured in semantic theory.
The lack of a clear consensus appears in the way that not two published accounts list the same categories of pragmatics in quite the same order. But among the things the people should know about are:
a) Speech act theory
b) Conversational Implicature
c) The Cooperative principle
d) Conversational maxims
e) Politeness
f) Etc.




B. Theoretical Framework

Theoretical framework is in the other page of this blog

- b. The differences of English and Javanese Derivational Affixes

1) English words which are formed by derivational affixes only come from prefixation and suffixation. But, there are also infixation and circumfixation in Javanese words which are formed by derivational affixes.
2) There is no derivational affix to form adverb in Javanese, but in English, there are derivational affixes to form adverb.

- a. The similarities of English and Javanese Derivational Affixes

1. English Derivational Affixes can be found in prefixation and suffixation processes, Javanese also has prefixation and suffixation. The English affixes are the prefixes en-, be-, in-, re-, un-, dis-, mis-, pre-, a-, and the suffixes –er, -ment, -ion, -able, -ful, -less, -en, -ize, -ify, and -ly. The Javanese affixes are the prefixes N-, me- and the suffixes –e, -en, and -an.

2. Verbalization, adjectivation, and nominalization are found in English and Javanese derivational affixes. English affixes of adjectivation are prefixes –less, and –able. Javanese affix of adjectivation is suffix –en. There are several affixes of verbalizations in English. They are prefix en-, suffix –ize, and suffix –en. The Javanese affixes of verbalization are prefixes N-, me- and circumfixes N-i, and N-ake. There are several affixes of nominalization in English. They are suffix –er, and suffix –ness. Javanese affixes of nominalization are the suffixes –e, -an and the circumfix ka-an.