This blog contains the description on the phenomena in language, society, and culture
Showing posts with label Errors analysis. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Errors analysis. Show all posts
Sunday, August 31, 2008
The book on societey : "Race, Class, and Gender: An Anthology"
Description
RACE, CLASS, AND, GENDER, includes many interdisciplinary readings. The author's selection of very accessible articles show how race, class, and gender shape people's experiences, and help students to see the issues in an analytic, as well as descriptive way. The book also provides conceptual grounding in understanding race, class, and gender; has a strong historical and sociological perspective; and is further strengthened by conceptual introductions by the authors. Students will find the readings engaging and accessible, but may gain the most from the introduction sections that highlight key points and relate the essential concepts. Included in the collection of readings are narratives aimed at building empathy, and articles on important social issues such as prison, affirmative action, poverty, immigration, and racism, among other topics.
About the Author
Margaret L. Andersen (B.A., Georgia State University; M.A., Ph.D., University of Massachusetts, Amherst) is the Edward F. and Elizabeth Goodman Rosenberg Professor of Sociology and Women’s Studies at the University of Delaware. She is the co-editor of the best-selling anthology, RACE, CLASS AND GENDER, Sixth Edition (Wadsworth, 2007; with Patricia Hill Collins), author of THINKING ABOUT WOMEN: SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON SEX AND GENDER, Seventh Edition (Allyn and Bacon, 2006); SOCIOLOGY: THE ESSENTIALS, Fourth Edition (Wadsworth, 2007; also co-authored with Howard F. Taylor), and UNDERSTANDING SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTORY READER, Second Edition (Wadsworth, 2004; co-edited with Kim Logio and Howard F. Taylor). She is a recipient of the University of Delaware’s Excellence-in-Teaching Award and the College of Arts and Science Distinguished Teaching Award, former president of the Eastern Sociological Society, and chair of the National Advisory Board for the Center for Comparative Studies in Race and Ethnicity at Stanford University, where she has been a visiting professor. She has received the American Sociological Association Jessie Bernard Award (2006) for broadening the horizons of sociology to include the study of women and has also received the 2004-2005 SWS Feminist Lecturer, an award given annually to a social scientist who has made significant contributions to the study of women in society.
Patricia Hill Collins is Wilson Elkins Professor of Sociology at the University of Maryland, College Park, and Charles Phelps Taft Emeritus Professor of African American Studies and Sociology at the University of Cincinnati. She is the author of numerous articles and books including BLACK SEXUAL POLITICS: AFRICAN AMERICANS, GENDER AND THE NEW RACISM (Routhledge, 2004) and BLACK FEMINIST THOUGHT: KNOWLEDGE, CONSCIOUSNESS, AND THE POLITICS OF EMPOWERMENT (Urwin Hyman 1990; Rothledge, 2000) which won the Jessie Bernard Award of the American Sociological Association and the C. Wright Mills Award of the Society for the Study of Social Problems. Her forthcoming book is FROM BLACK POWER TO HIP HOP: RACISM, NATIONALISM, AND FEMINISM (Temple University Press, 2005).
Monday, July 7, 2008
- Errors Analysis: - THEORETICAL APPROACH AND FRAMEWORK
This is the theoretical approach and framework of the language research entitiled AN ANALYSIS OF GRAMMATICAL ERRORS IN BILINGUAL TRANSLATION MADE BY THE FOURTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT OF AHMAD DAHLAN UNIVERSITY IN 2006-2007 ACADEMIC YEAR:
To provide the underlying theories on the study, this chapter presents the theoretical background, which consists of theoretical approach and framework. The discussion is divided into eight sections, namely: theoretical approach, bilingualism, translation, meaning, errors, grammar, some differences between Indonesian and English, and grammatical errors in bilingual translation.
A. Theoretical Approach
Grammar refers to the structure of language, and each language can be said to have its own distinct grammar. The subfields of contemporary grammar are phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. In this research, grammar has close relationship with the syntactic analysis. In accordance with the explanation above, it needs further to be explained about the use of syntactic analysis dealing with grammar.
The word syntactic comes from the word syntax (“Syntax”, 2006: par.1) that means the grammatical arrangement of words in sentences. Meanwhile, Webster (2000:1453) states that syntax is the arrangement of and relationships among words, phrases, and clauses forming sentences.
Yerkes (1989:1443) says that syntax is the study of the rules to form or to make grammatical sentence in a language or the study of pattern of sentences and phrase formation from words. Hornby (1995:1212) defines syntax as the rules of grammar for the arrangement of words into phrases and of phrases into sentences.
According to House and Harman (1950:2001), syntactic analysis is a process of splitting up a sentence into its grammatical elements which is also followed by identifying or classifying those elements grammatically in both form and function.
The purpose of syntactic analysis is to determine the structure of the input text. This structure consists of a hierarchy of phrases, the smallest of which are the basic symbols and the largest of which is the sentence.
In relation with the explanation above, this study tells about the use of syntactic analysis related with grammar in the error analysis, so it is suitable for this study to apply the syntactic approach as its theoretical approach.
B. Bilingualism
1. Definition of Bilingual
Haugen says that someone can be said as bilingual if he or she knows two languages. Mackey states that bilingual is a person who speaks two languages by turns (in Pranowo, 1996:8). According to Hornby (1995:106), bilingual is a person who is able to speak two languages equally well. Then, in Columbia Encyclopedia (“Bilingualism”, 2004: par.1), some bilinguals are persons who have ability to use two languages.
In studying English as the second language, bilinguals sometimes exhibit language transfer, code-switching, code-mixing, or interference from one language to the other in the phonological, grammatical, lexical, and semantic system.
2. Classifications of Bilingualism
Weinreich (in Pranowo, 1996:10) states that there are three types of bilingualism, namely:
a. Compound Bilingualism
For compound bilinguals, words and phrases in different languages are the same concepts. That means, ‘buku’ and ‘book’ are two words for the same concept for an Indonesian-English speaker of this type. Bilingual speakers have a single concept of meaning that is related to the two different words.
b. Coordinate Bilingualism
For coordinate bilinguals, words and phrases in the speaker's mind are all related to their own unique concepts. It means a bilingual speaker of this type has different associations for ‘buku’ and for 'book'. In these individuals, one language, usually the first language (L1) is more dominant than the other, and the L1 may be used to think through the second language (L2). These speakers are known to use very different intonation and pronunciation features, and sometimes assert the feeling of having different personalities attached to each of their languages.
c. Sub-ordinate Bilingualism
Sub-ordinate bilingual is typical of beginning second language learners. The concept leads, not to the L2 word directly, but to L2 word via the L1 word (in Wikipedia, “Bilingualism”, 2007: par.4).
According to Arsenan (ibid: 11), bilingualism is distinguished into two. Those are:
(a) Productive / Active / Symmetrical Bilingualism, which is the use of two languages in all aspects of language skill.
(b) Receptive / Passive / Asymmetrical Bilingualism, which is the use of two languages limited only in reading skill.
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