Social Problems

     Social problems seem to be on the mind of everyone these days. People have all heard about poverty, crime, racism, unemployment, alcoholism, teenage pregnancy, and a host of other things that are thought of as “social problems.” These topics fill our newspaper and dominate much our politics, not mention providing material for dozen books (Farley, 1987: 2).
     A social problem may be defined as a condition which many people consider undesirable and want to correct (Horton, 1980: 4). A perfectly integrated society would have no social problems, for all institution and behavior would be neatly by the values of the society. A changing society inevitably develops problems. Either the conditions themselves change and become unacceptable or the society’s changing values defined an old condition as no longer tolerable. Social problems are part of the price of social change (Horton, 1980: 468-469).


References:
Farley, John E. 1987. American Social Problems An Institutional Analysis. New Jersey:
       Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs.

Horton, Paul B and Chester L. Hunt. 1980. Sociology. 5th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Book
      Company.

 

Definition of Bilingual

        Haugen says that someone can be said as bilingual if he or she knows two languages. Mackey states that bilingual is a person who speaks two languages by turns (in Pranowo, 1996:8). According to Hornby (1995:106), bilingual is a person who is able to speak two languages equally well. Then, in Columbia Encyclopedia (“Bilingualism”, 2004: par.1), some bilinguals are persons who have ability to use two languages.
      In studying English as the second language, bilinguals sometimes exhibit language transfer, code-switching, code-mixing, or interference from one language to the other in the phonological, grammatical, lexical, and semantic system.


References:
“Encyclopedia: "Bilingualism.” Encyclopedia Columbia. Sixth Edition. 2006. University of          Columbia. 29 August 2007 (http://education.yahoo.com/ reference/          encyclopedia/;_ylt=Ar0IG0FYIw7wwgX1vMY8pTt8wF).

Hornby, A.S. 1995. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. Great Britain:         Oxford University Press.

Pranowo. 1996. Analisis Pengajaran Bahasa. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University.

AN ANALYSIS OF BASIC STRATEGIES OF FACE-THREATENING ACTS IN SEVENTENTH CENTURY IN WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE’S MACBETH: A PRAGMATIC STUDY

By:
Dian Wulandari Sumarno
02026094

ABSTRACT

This research entitled An Analysis of Basic Strategies of Face-Threatening Acts in Seventeenth Century in William Shakespeare Macbeth: A Pragmatic Study is intended to find out the basic strategies of Face Threatening Acts (or the level of politeness) in play Macbeth by William Shakespeare. From the explanation above, the writer can find some objectives dealing with the topic, and the objectives are a) to describe Basic Strategies of Face Threatening Acts (FTAs) in William Shakespeare’s Macbeth ; and b) to describe which Basic Strategies of Face Threatening Acts (FTAs) type are frequently used in William Shakespeare Macbeth.

The writer uses Macbeth play by William Shakespeare, dictionary and other sources as sources of data. The techniques that are used in collecting the data are noting technique and transferring technique. To analyze the data, the writer uses referential method by Sudaryanto and contextual method by Poedjosoedarmo. This research uses pragmatic study as approach because the writer writes about politeness especially the Basic Strategies of Face-Threatening Acts. The writer uses Brown and Levinson theory to make analysis on Basic Strategies of Face Threatening Acts (FTAs), namely: Less Polite, Rather Polite, Polite, and The most Polite.

The result of this study shows that the writer can find Basic Strategies of Face-Threatening Acts in Macbeth play by William Shakespeare. All of the Basic Strategies of Face-Threatening Acts can be found in this play. The highest frequency of the Basic Strategies of Face-Threatening Acts is the most polite because Macbeth is the story of kingdom. So, many characters in Macbeth play use the most polite type of Basic Strategies of Face-Threatening Acts to make conversation with other people who have higher position.

A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS ON THE PHENOMENA OF ENGLISH SECONDARY ARTICULATIONS...

A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS ON THE PHENOMENA OF ENGLISH SECONDARY ARTICULATIONS MADE BY THE THIRD SEMESTER STUDENTS OF PBI OF AHMAD DAHLAN UNIVERSITY
IN 2006/2007 ACADEMIC YEAR

 by:
EVI RATNA JUWITA
02004081


ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled “A Descriptive Analysis on the Phenomena of English Secondary Articulations Made by the Third Semester Students of PBI of Ahmad Dahlan University in 2006/2007 Academic Year”. This research is intended to identify the English secondary articulations mainly conducted by the third semester students of PBI of Ahmad Dahlan University in 2006/2007 academic year. The aims of this study are: (1) to know the students’ proficiency in producing secondary articulations, (2) to describe the phenomena of English secondary articulations, (3) to analyze the sound deviations produced by the students on the phenomena of secondary articulations, and (4) to know the factors which make the students perform deviations in producing secondary articulations.

This is a descriptive qualitative research which applies phonetic theories. By using qualitative method, the writer analyzes and describes the phenomena of secondary articulations made by the students in the form of description. The testing and recording techniques are used to collect the data of the research. The instrument used to reveal the data is a pronunciation test consisting of isolated words and minimal pairs. The validity of the instrument is achieved by using content and curricular validities.

The research finding shows that the students’ proficiency in producing the phenomena of English secondary articulations is categorized into very high level. Generally the proficiency of the students in producing secondary articulations in isolated words is categorized into the very high level. Meanwhile, the students’ proficiency in minimal pair section is classified into the average level. The result of the data shows that there are some deviations made by the students. Those deviations are omitting aspiration in producing the sounds [p, t, k] in initial position, omitting the lip-rounding accompanying the sound [k], omitting the addition of a high front tongue, omitting velarization of the syllable [l], and omitting glottalization of the glottal sound [h]. Nevertheless, generally the students made little deviations in producing all the secondary articulations given by the researcher. Most of them correctly produced the phenomena of labialization, nasalization, velarization, and glottalization. This occurred because those phenomena are also found in their first language. Meanwhile, the students made deviation in relation to the phenomenon of aspiration. This is due to the differences between Indonesian and English writing, spelling, and pronunciation system. In addition, the students made some deviations in minimal pair section. Those deviations are caused by factors influencing them, which are called interlingual and intralingual factors. The first, which is called interlingual includes omitting aspiration in producing initial plosive sounds. Under category of intralingual deviations are overgeneralization and spelling rule confusion.

THE ANALYSIS OF STYLE OF SPEECH USED BY BROADCASTERS ON A PRIVATE RADIO “YASIKA 95.4 FM” YOGYAKARTA

By

Neny Handayani
02004210

ABSTRACT

Style of speech can be used in all aspects of life that uses language as a means of communication. The writer would like to describe the phenomenon of linguistic features of style and analyzes the stylistic characteristics conducted by broadcasters.

In this thesis, the writer uses the qualitative research method that uses the non-numeral data. It is obtained from the conversation and utterances in the broadcasters’ speech. The data in this research are all words, phrases, clauses, and sentences that are uttered by broadcasters. The writer collects the data by listening to the radio, recording and noting all of the utterances of the broadcasters’ speech. The writer uses the purposive sampling, a technique to determine the sample of data. The reason is because the Sunday’s English program consists of four sessions that are heterogeneous, so she just takes some speeches from those sessions since November 2005 until January 2006. It is limited based on the ability of the writer, time, energy, and financial factors. The research applies the descriptive technique to analyze the data. The collected data are identified categorized, and analyzed based on the basis of linguistic knowledge of the writer.

The research object in this study is style of speech used by broadcasters on a private radio “Yasika 95.4 FM” Yogyakarta. The writer collects the data by listening to the radio in the English program. The program consists of four sessions Yasika Sunday Work Out, Yasika Sunday Brunch, Yasika Sunday Lucky Day and Yasika Sunday Long Dream. The research findings are: (1) The linguistic features of style can be divided into phonological variants (different ways of pronouncing the same sounds), lexical variants (different words for the same things), and syntactic variants (different grammatical constructions for the same meaning). In the speech of the broadcasters, they often use the non-standard pronunciation and use the words of casual style in the informal situation. The broadcasters in this program frequently use the casual style in the informal situation. In relation to the syntactic variants, the writer classifies into phrases, clauses and sentences. The broadcasters’ speech has some features as follows; there are the inflection of be, the usage of contracted form, the prepositional differences, and the inflections of subject and auxiliary. Nevertheless, the differences in phonological, lexical, and syntactic variants can also enrich the language itself so those can make the language more attractive to use. (2) The stylistic characteristics conducted by the broadcasters are classified into serious, ironic, humorous, dubious, happy, sad, and angry styles.