- Errors Analysis: - THEORETICAL APPROACH AND FRAMEWORK

This is the theoretical approach and framework of the language research entitiled AN ANALYSIS OF GRAMMATICAL ERRORS IN BILINGUAL TRANSLATION MADE BY THE FOURTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT OF AHMAD DAHLAN UNIVERSITY IN 2006-2007 ACADEMIC YEAR:

To provide the underlying theories on the study, this chapter presents the theoretical background, which consists of theoretical approach and framework. The discussion is divided into eight sections, namely: theoretical approach, bilingualism, translation, meaning, errors, grammar, some differences between Indonesian and English, and grammatical errors in bilingual translation.

A. Theoretical Approach
Grammar refers to the structure of language, and each language can be said to have its own distinct grammar. The subfields of contemporary grammar are phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. In this research, grammar has close relationship with the syntactic analysis. In accordance with the explanation above, it needs further to be explained about the use of syntactic analysis dealing with grammar.
The word syntactic comes from the word syntax (“Syntax”, 2006: par.1) that means the grammatical arrangement of words in sentences. Meanwhile, Webster (2000:1453) states that syntax is the arrangement of and relationships among words, phrases, and clauses forming sentences.
Yerkes (1989:1443) says that syntax is the study of the rules to form or to make grammatical sentence in a language or the study of pattern of sentences and phrase formation from words. Hornby (1995:1212) defines syntax as the rules of grammar for the arrangement of words into phrases and of phrases into sentences.
According to House and Harman (1950:2001), syntactic analysis is a process of splitting up a sentence into its grammatical elements which is also followed by identifying or classifying those elements grammatically in both form and function.
The purpose of syntactic analysis is to determine the structure of the input text. This structure consists of a hierarchy of phrases, the smallest of which are the basic symbols and the largest of which is the sentence.
In relation with the explanation above, this study tells about the use of syntactic analysis related with grammar in the error analysis, so it is suitable for this study to apply the syntactic approach as its theoretical approach.

B. Bilingualism
1. Definition of Bilingual
Haugen says that someone can be said as bilingual if he or she knows two languages. Mackey states that bilingual is a person who speaks two languages by turns (in Pranowo, 1996:8). According to Hornby (1995:106), bilingual is a person who is able to speak two languages equally well. Then, in Columbia Encyclopedia (“Bilingualism”, 2004: par.1), some bilinguals are persons who have ability to use two languages.
In studying English as the second language, bilinguals sometimes exhibit language transfer, code-switching, code-mixing, or interference from one language to the other in the phonological, grammatical, lexical, and semantic system.
2. Classifications of Bilingualism
Weinreich (in Pranowo, 1996:10) states that there are three types of bilingualism, namely:
a. Compound Bilingualism
For compound bilinguals, words and phrases in different languages are the same concepts. That means, ‘buku’ and ‘book’ are two words for the same concept for an Indonesian-English speaker of this type. Bilingual speakers have a single concept of meaning that is related to the two different words.
b. Coordinate Bilingualism
For coordinate bilinguals, words and phrases in the speaker's mind are all related to their own unique concepts. It means a bilingual speaker of this type has different associations for ‘buku’ and for 'book'. In these individuals, one language, usually the first language (L1) is more dominant than the other, and the L1 may be used to think through the second language (L2). These speakers are known to use very different intonation and pronunciation features, and sometimes assert the feeling of having different personalities attached to each of their languages.
c. Sub-ordinate Bilingualism
Sub-ordinate bilingual is typical of beginning second language learners. The concept leads, not to the L2 word directly, but to L2 word via the L1 word (in Wikipedia, “Bilingualism”, 2007: par.4).
According to Arsenan (ibid: 11), bilingualism is distinguished into two. Those are:
(a) Productive / Active / Symmetrical Bilingualism, which is the use of two languages in all aspects of language skill.
(b) Receptive / Passive / Asymmetrical Bilingualism, which is the use of two languages limited only in reading skill.